Mit studies

Mit studies. This course will also evaluate how information and ideas travel between people on a large scale. The researchers found that “a screening test often used to decide who can take part in autism studies seems to exclude a much higher percentage of women MIT Sloan Master of Finance. edu Accessibility Consortium for Graduate Studies in Gender, culture, Women, and sexuality About us. 100 Introduction to Media Studies. 1. org Indiebound Indigo Books a Million. HASS-H; CI-H. MAS. Registration. May 10, 2023 · A new study by MIT researchers demonstrates how “machine-learning systems designed to spot someone breaking a policy rule—a dress code, for example—will be harsher or more lenient depending on minuscule-seeming differences in how humans annotated data that were used to train the system,” reports Ananya for Scientific American. The heart of the Energy Studies Minor is a core of foundational subjects in the domains of energy science, technology, and social science. The Journal of Cold War Studies features peer-reviewed articles based on archival research in the former Communist world, in Western countries, and in other parts of the globe. MIT Press Bookstore Penguin Random House Amazon Barnes and Noble Bookshop. Courses offer new The study is designed to serve as a balanced, fact-based, and analysis-driven guide for stakeholders involved in nuclear energy. 824 Making Documentary. The School itself is not responsible for the admission of students; instead each MIT Security Studies Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1 Amherst St. MIT offers a number of subjects open to undergraduates that provide a variety of perspectives on the There are five schools and one college at MIT: Architecture and Planning; Engineering; Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences; Management; Science; and the Schwarzman College of Computing. Only registered undergraduates who have completed at least three terms at MIT, including at least one term with a declared major, may apply. Many studies have shown that musical training can enhance language skills. An interdisciplinary MIT faculty group examined the role of coal in a world where constraints on carbon dioxide emissions are adopted to mitigate global climate change. Our mission is to spread the joy of learning and teaching, and we help people share their knowledge, passions, and hobbies with others. READ MORE. Website: MIT Sloan Master of Science in Management Studies. NOTE: Lunch and drinks are provided for this session. This finding led the researchers to suspect that perhaps a different type of brake, other than the PD-1/PD-L1 system, was disabling T cells in pancreatic cancer patients. SPURS is a host of the Humphrey Fellowship, a Fulbright exchange program. Leveraging SSP’s expertise in security studies and its extensive network The English Language Studies (ELS) curriculum is designed for non-native English speakers to foster effective communication in a variety of academic and professional contexts and facilitate their studies at MIT and their work beyond. Studying Media, Making Media. Intermediate and advanced Spanish subjects can be found in this subject listing. January 4. Drawing on multiple disciplines - such as literature, history, economics, psychology, philosophy, political science, anthropology, media studies and the arts - to examine cultural assumptions about sex, gender, and sexuality. Students are offered hands-on subjects and opportunities to engage in the complex reality of Research. Undergraduate majors in Course 11 or 11-6 may apply for admission to the department's Master in City Planning (MCP) program in their junior year. This program is open to all MIT grad students and scholars actively writing their papers, proposals, manuscripts, and thesis chapters. February 15. 552 City Science. They major in the physical or biological sciences, in Oct 4, 2022 · The researchers also found that high-fat diets and exercise had opposing effects on cellular pathways that control circadian rhythms — the 24-hour cycles that govern many functions, from sleep to body temperature, hormone release, and digestion. Sep 8, 2022 · A study by MIT researchers finds that the screening test used for autism creates a gender gap that impedes diagnosis and treatment for women and girls, reports Sydney Murphy for Health Day. The minor prepares graduates with subject-specific knowledge and an integrative understanding of energy issues. Reading and writing skills developed through study of various topics in Russian culture and society. May 8, 2024 · We will provide lunch and drinks, as well as the right productive ambiance. Since 2015 she has taught graduate writing classes for MIT’s Supply Chain Management program. In addition, of the four, three will form a coherent group within one of the major categories of the curriculum. . 862 Civic Media Co-Design Studio. With over 50 courses across more than 12 topic categories, and some now offered in Spanish, our programs are geared towards engineering and technology professionals across the globe. 700 Introductory Spanish for Heritage Learners is an acceptable substitution for the combination of 21G. MIT Security Studies Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1 Amherst St. Throughout its history, the world has seen MIT as a hub of critical thinkers committed to solving the world’s most complex issues. May 15, 2018 · MIT Press began publishing journals in 1970 with the first volumes of Linguistic Inquiry and the Journal of Interdisciplinary History. Paperback. 617-258-5434. September 29, January 18, April 11. Prereq: None U (Fall, Spring)3-0-9 units. Each of these five schools oversees several departments and programs. Media covered include radio, television, film, the Women's and Gender Studies Program. msmsadmissions. org Mar 6, 2024 · MIT OpenCourseWare is an online publication of materials from over 2,500 MIT courses, freely sharing knowledge with learners and educators around the world. Learn more Apr 16, 2024 · MIT CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Building E40-400, 1 Amherst Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 Massachusetts Institute of Technology contact Energy Futures. The MIT Sloan School of Management (also known as MIT Sloan or Sloan) is the business school of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. In that vein, Aral says, “science needs to have more support, both from industry and government, in order to do more studies. Any bilingual/ESL undergraduate or graduate student earning a degree at MIT can register for an ELS subject. $40. If you're new to tertiary your first year of study could even be free *. Jan 19, 2024 · Blueprint Labs welcomed researchers, practitioners, funders, and policymakers to MIT to lay the groundwork for the collaborative. 702. 863 Design and Development of Games for Learning. ” Aug 26, 2019 · Two new studies from MIT suggest that mindfulness — the practice of focusing one’s awareness on the present moment — can enhance academic performance and mental health in middle schoolers. A special feature of the program is the integration of technical and political analysis of national and Mar 14, 2007 · The Future of Coal. “If this spurs more firms to think seriously about trying to increase gender diversity, I for one would be pleased,” says Dr. Case studies include atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and the nuclear freeze campaign, climate science and environmental justice, the civil rights movement, Vietnam War protests, the March 4 movement at MIT, and concerns about genetic engineering, gender equality, intersectional feminism, and student activism at MIT. Our mission : The MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub (CSHub) is a dedicated interdisciplinary team of researchers from several departments across MIT working on concrete and infrastructure science, engineering, and economics Pamela Siska / Lecturer / pjsiska@mit. Additional information can be obtained from the Advisor for Asian and Asian Diaspora Studies: Professor Sana Aiyar (aiyar@mit. Direct Enroll: Apply directly to the host university/program provider by their program deadline. In 2021, MIT researchers made advances toward fusion energy, confirmed Stephen Hawking’s black hole theorem, developed a Covid-detecting face mask, and created a Jul 14, 2023 · The Hill reporter Tobias Burns spotlights the efforts of a number of MIT researchers to better understand the impact of generative AI on productivity in the workforce. Uses a variety of authentic literary and non-fiction texts, media resources, and film. Areas of concern include engineering formation, engineering work, engineering design, equity . Today we publish over 30 titles in the arts and humanities, social sciences, and science and technology. In a study published online April 21 in the journal Brain Research The history of WMBR at MIT from the 1960s to the 1980s, exploring how this station, with a license held by an independent non-profit corporation, built a meaningful community institution despite transformations within the university. The senior research and teaching staff includes social scientists and policy analysts. Go to the MISTI Portal, find your program, and apply before the deadline. Jun 25, 2018 · A new study from MIT has found that piano lessons have a very specific effect on kindergartners’ ability to distinguish different pitches, which translates into an improvement in discriminating between spoken words. 232 pp. The series investigates the foundations of digital media — the computing systems, both hardware and software, that developers and users depend upon for artistic, literary, and gaming Subjects. WGS. At MIT course numbers and abbreviations refer to courses of study leading to specific academic degrees and, by extension, to the departments or programs offering those degrees. Boston Globe article: Leo Marx, pioneering professor and writer in American studies, dies at 102 ***** Kenneth Keniston, Founder, MIT’s Program in Science, Technology, and Society, died on February 14, 2020. Combines critical discussions with experiments working with different media. $61,990. Room 1-112 77 Massachusetts Avenue Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Graduate Office. This chart has been calculated based on an overlap of 36 units (three subjects An ambitious vision for campus sustainability at MIT is underway and achieving it will be a process. Learn anything, teach anything, do anything! If you are a middle or high school student Meet talent that transforms. The Consortium for Graduate Studies in Gender, Culture, Women, and Sexuality, hosted by MIT, brings together feminist scholars and teachers from nine Boston area institutions for the purpose of advancing interdisciplinary, intersectional feminist scholarship and teaching in the areas of women’s, gender, and The Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Biology prepares students for careers that involve applications of both subjects, including the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, as well as further graduate study in biochemistry, molecular biology, and chemical biology. That speed is far faster than the 100 milliseconds suggested by previous studies. MIT subsidizes the total cost of tuition for every student. Students with cumulative averages below 4. 935 Documentary Photography. Accessibility Leo Marx, MIT STS Program Professor Emeritus, died on March 8, 2022. A 2-year master's program and collection of research centers with their home on Dec 22, 2021 · The year’s popular research stories include a promising new approach to cancer immunotherapy, the confirmation of a 50-year-old theorem, and a major fusion breakthrough. Middle Eastern Studies at MIT offers students the opportunity to explore the connections among culture, society, politics, economics, technology, and environment in the Middle East, including North Africa. Music Program Overview The music program welcomes all enrolled MIT students, regardless of major, who wish to take subjects in music history/culture, composition/theory, music technology, and performance in the areas of classical, jazz, popular, and world music. Apply here. 864 Game Design. We provide our students with an education that combines rigorous academic study and MIT has adopted the following principle: MIT’s admissions committees and offices for graduate and professional schools will take the significant disruptions of the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 into account when reviewing students’ transcripts and other admissions materials as part of their regular practice of performing individualized, holistic reviews of each applicant. MIT CSHub studies how cities can be made more resilient to hazards through investment in stronger, cooler construction. Expense. PROGRAMS. Energy Futures is published twice a year, featuring energy research and other energy activities at MIT. Description. “The rate of improvement can only be French & Francophone Studies. See your study options below and apply now for our next intake. As educators, we also value research as a potent form of learning by doing. Computational Science and Engineering. Computer Science and Molecular Biology. The teaching business case studies available here are narratives that facilitate class discussion about a particular business or management issue. edu. Women’s & Gender Studies Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139-4307. The concentration likewise expects students to sample the breadth of legal studies as an interdisciplinary field by exploring the law from multiple perspectives May 7, 2024 · MIT Sustainability News. The median annual price paid by an undergraduate who received an MIT Course Description. May 7, 2024. Cost. Features intermediate to advanced study of Russian with a comprehensive review of grammar, and emphasis on more complex communicative topics. Publisher: The MIT Press. Pub date: May 24, 2022. At MIT it is possible to major (full, joint, or double), minor, or concentrate in Music. Building 14N-213 | 617-253-2642 | wgs@mit. In particular, the study finds that cross-disciplinary and interdepartmental collaboration is fueled by basic face-to-face interaction CMS. May 8, 2024. S. Some of the case studies in this The Future of Solar Energy considers only the two widely recognized classes of technologies for converting solar energy into electricity — photovoltaics (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP), sometimes called solar thermal) — in their current and plausible future forms. WHEN: Wed, May 8th 2024, 12-2pm. Graduate study is not for the faint-hearted, but the rewards match the risks. A course is a course, of course, except when it is a subject. When paired with an MIT background in science and engineering, a major or minor in history can lead to a variety of employment and graduate school opportunities. 890 Short Attention Span Documentary. Tuition. THT) and thesis ( CMS. 2. We want you to think of your own journey to sustainability as a process, too: start, study, solve. MIT Sloan MBA Program. patents as a dataset. Because energy supply facilities typically last several decades Offered: Spring. $30. The Program in Women's and Gender Studies (WGS) educates MIT undergraduates on the importance of gender equity, and promotes a broad understanding of gender and its complex intersection with sexuality, race, ethnicity, class, ability, religious affiliation, and other categories of identity. 0 will be considered by the CoC on a case-by-case basis. 701 and 21G. We strive to be a center of excellence that advances the practice of wargaming and builds networks of scholars and practitioners. Dec 13, 2022 · The MIT team is now planning new clinical studies to test whether 40-hertz sensory stimulation may be effective in preventing the onset of Alzheimer’s in high-risk volunteers, and is launching preliminary studies to determine its therapeutic potential for Parkinson’s disease and Down syndrome. Now, MIT and Harvard researchers have found a possible explanation for this phenomenon. Building E52-359. After using a peptide to treat the overactive enzyme, they found that “the peptide shows protective effects against loss of Mar 29, 2022 · It is also closely correlated with dementia. The study revealed that exercise boosts the expression of genes that regulate these rhythms, while SB/MCP: Bachelor of Science + Master in City Planning. Ordinarily, of these four, no more than one will be at the introductory level (21W. However, most students pay far less than that. For example, Course 6 refers to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Study: Heavy snowfall and rain may contribute to some earthquakes. Application Opens: Concentration in Writing. The Korean language curriculum is carefully Natalie Montoya, SB '21, Nuclear Engineering major, Japanese and Energy Studies minors. The Engineering Studies Series publishes research in historical, social, cultural, political, philosophical, rhetorical, and organizational studies of engineers and engineering, paying particular attention to normative directionality in engineering epistemologies, practices, identities, and outcomes. A variety of graduate degrees are available to students interested in transportation studies and research, including the interdepartmental master of science program (MST) and doctoral program in transportation (PhD in Transportation), described below, and the Master of Engineering in Logistics, described under Supply Chain Management. Studies have shown that meditating regularly can help relieve symptoms in people who suffer from chronic pain, but the neural mechanisms underlying the relief were unclear. Case Studies. eBook. I hope to be a doctor that addresses the needs of marginalized communities in urban settings. One research study “looked as cases where AI helped improved productivity and worker experience specifically in outsourced settings, such as call centers,” explains Burns. This follows "The Future of Nuclear Power" which focused on carbon dioxide emissions-free electricity generation from nuclear energy and was published in 2003. May 5, 2011 · May 5, 2011. The company uses small molecules to program progenitor cells, a descendant of stem cells in the inner ear, to create the tiny hair Generative AI and K-12 Education: An MIT Perspective. MIT Sloan Master of Science in Management Studies. 21G. “Being multilingual will be a huge asset for me in the future. READ MORE: Remembering 77 Massachusetts Avenue. “Alnylam has invested over 20 years and more than $4 billion in RNAi to develop these new therapeutics,” Phil Sharp says. 4. The units for the prerequisite subjects are not included in the calculations for this degree chart. Articles in the journal draw on declassified materials and new memoirs to illuminate and raise questions about numerous historical and theoretical The Legal Studies Concentration introduces students to the academic field of legal studies. The researchers found that more mindfulness correlates with better academic performance, fewer suspensions from school, and less stress. Sara Ellison, co-author of the study. MIT's Department of Mechanical Engineering (MechE) offers a world-class education that combines thorough analysis with hands-on discovery. “The study found that with a mass global take up of autonomous vehicles, the powerful onboard computers needed to run them could generate as many greenhouse gas emissions as all the data centers in operation today,” writes Aouf. MISTI will be in touch regarding an interview with the applicable MISTI Program Manager and major department. The Korean Studies curriculum promotes critical thinking skills, communicative and interpersonal abilities, and intercultural competence, as well as linguistic proficiency itself, through various resources. And, we’ll give you what you need to get there. THU) for one elective. In recent years, there has been widespread excitement around the transformative potential of technology in education. The curriculum consists of subject sequences in Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish studies taught in the target language; a subject sequence in Studies in Jan 13, 2023 · An MIT study has found that the wide spread adoption of self-driving cars could lead to increased carbon emissions, reports Rima Sabina Aouf for Dezeen. The biotechnology company Frequency Therapeutics is seeking to reverse hearing loss — not with hearing aids or implants, but with a new kind of regenerative therapy. Research flourishes in our 30 departments across five schools and one college, as well as in dozens Cost of attendance for the 2024–2025 academic year. In the new study, which appears in the journal Attention Oct 7, 2014 · Kathryn Hauser of WBZ News reports on the new MIT study showing that while workers are happier in single-sex offices, diversity results in higher levels of productivity. News and World Reports as the Best Physics Program in the World. patent system as a set of 1,757 discrete technology domains, and quantitatively assesses each domain for its improvement potential. Selecting the right metal can alleviate the corrosion problem. , E40, 4th floor Cambridge, MA 02139 ssp-info@mit. Various types of media such as books, films, video games, and online interactions will be discussed and reviewed. 00. Minor in Middle Eastern Studies. The MIT SSP Wargaming Lab is a research group that seeks to innovate wargaming to better understand how to deter conflict and preserve peace. (It actually costs more than double this amount to provide our cutting-edge research facilities and faculty!) Tuition covers basic health insurance⁠ 02. We are home to the largest urban planning faculty in the United States and enjoy the advantage of operating within the context of MIT’s culture of innovation and interdisciplinary knowledge creation. , 5 x 8 in, 6 b&w illus. Over 80 participants joined the event, including leaders of charter school organizations, researchers at top universities and institutes, and policymakers and advocates from a variety of organizations and education Jan 9, 2024 · Paperback. However, it was unknown whether music lessons improve The Special Program for Urban and Regional Studies (SPURS) is a one-year non-degree program for mid-career individuals who are or will be shaping policy in developing countries to further develop their planning, policy-making, and problem-solving skills. Teaching cases are meant to spur debate among students rather than promote a particular point of view or steer students in a specific direction. edu). The full price of an MIT education is $85,960 for the 2024–2025 academic year. View all graduate-level CMS subjects. Whether online, on campus, or at your company site, MIT Professional Education offers several programs to fit your career goals and organization needs. ISBN: 9780262546942. Design and Management (Integrated Design and Management & System Design and Management) Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program. See full list on mitadmissions. Feb 26, 2019 · J-PAL North America's recently released publication summarizes 126 rigorous evaluations of different uses of education technology and their impact on student learning. The Concentration in Writing consists of four subjects chosen in consultation with the Concentration Advisor. Prereq: None U (Fall, Spring)3-3-6 units. In the United States alone, spending on education technology The TDI method and accompanying technology serve as tools for controlled experimentation in dream study, widening avenues for research into how dreams impact emotion, creativity, memory, and beyond. , 6 x 9 in, 10 b&w illus. The interdepartmental major program also provides a strong foundation Editor: Mark Kramer. An undergraduate degree in physics at MIT prepares students very well for graduate studies in physics, as well as for a variety of academic or research-related careers. Chemistry and Biology (Course 5-7) Climate System Science and Engineering Course (1-12) Computation and Cognition (Course 6-9) Computer Science and Molecular Biology (Course 6-7) Computer Science, Economics, and Data Science (Course 6-14) Humanities (Course 21) African and African Diaspora Studies; American Studies; Ancient and Medieval Studies Mission. 101 Introduction to Women's and Gender Studies. ISBN: 9780262543651. Pamela Siska has been with MIT’s Writing and Communication Center since 1993, and she was a contributor to the MIT-authored The Mayfield Handbook of Technical & Scientific Writing…. News and achievements of the students, faculty, staff from MITOS and the greater MIT community. This course provides a critical analysis of mass media in our culture. The Security Studies Program at MIT is a graduate-level research and educational program based at the Center for International Studies at MIT. We offer full-need financial aid, which means we meet 100% of your demonstrated financial need for all four years of your undergraduate career. Two MIT PhD students awarded J-WAFS fellowships for their research on water. May 24, 2022 · by Max Liboiron and Josh Lepawsky. Policy makers, utilities, existing and startup energy companies, regulators, investors, and other power-sector stakeholders can use this study to better understand the challenges and opportunities currently facing MIT’s Global Languages program offers a variety of areas of study in international languages, cultures, and intercultural communication. We tackle problems — the harder, the better — and we generate solutions. Offers an overview of the social, cultural, political, and economic impact of mediated communication on modern culture. Bloomberg reported that showing AI-generated images of a less car-reliant city boosted Jul 9, 2017 · Even in an age of easy virtual communication, physical proximity increases collaborative activity among academic scholars, according to a new study examining a decade’s worth of MIT-based papers and patents. Our curriculum is known for its fantastic Jan 16, 2014 · However, a team of neuroscientists from MIT has found that the human brain can process entire images that the eye sees for as little as 13 milliseconds — the first evidence of such rapid processing speed. MIT Sloan PhD Program. CMS. Graduate Consistently highly ranked by U. Aug 2, 2021 · New research from MIT aims to assist in the prediction of technology performance improvement using U. Accessibility Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, founded by MIT affiliates, has turned RNAi’s scientific promise into a new class of powerful therapies. Transfer students must complete at least two terms at MIT, including at least one term with a declared major. Computer Science, Economics, and Data Science. The MIT Departments of Global Languages, History, and Political Science cover a substantial number of subjects related to Asia and the Asian diasporas. Scholars in legal studies draw on disciplines across the humanities and social sciences. History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society. mitsloan@mit. Pub date: January 9, 2024. With over 220 million speakers in 29 countries on five continents, French plays a significant role in the global economy and culture, and in the sciences. LOCATION: 13-4101. ” The Platform Studies book series has been established to promote the investigation of underlying computing systems and how they enable, constrain, shape and support the creative work that is done on them. If you have any questions you can get personalised advice by calling our team today on 0800 62 62 52. 224 pp. Apr 13, 2023 · In a new study, researchers at MIT showed that they “were able to interfere with an enzyme typically found to be overactive in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients,” reports Alex Mitchell for The New York Post. Students accepted into the five-year program receive both the Bachelor of Science and the MCP at the end of five years of study. MIT News: Remembering Leo Marx. December 1. A new MIT online model for regional planning calculates the cost-optimized strategy for specific regions under a variety of constraints and assumptions. When it is your job to generate knowledge, you need to go where no one has gone before. Apply for MIT exchange for the term you wish to study. The study describes 97 percent of the U. One of the original six courses offered when MIT was founded, MechE faculty and students Aug 5, 2021 · However, some recent studies had shown, and the new MIT study confirmed, that many pancreatic tumors do in fact express cancer-specific neoantigens. Preprint is part of MIT President Sally Kornbluth and Provost Cynthia Barnhart's call for papers to “articulate effective roadmaps, policy recommendations, and calls for action across the broad Mar 8, 2018 · The MIT scholars say it is possible that the same phenomenon occurs on other social media platforms, including Facebook, but they emphasize that careful studies are needed on that and other related questions. MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography / Applied Ocean Science and Engineering. The study of History teaches different ways to think critically about the past, present and future of the world. Korean Studies holds these five competences as vital skills for language learners and for any student to become an intellectual global citizen. Oct 30, 2023 · Nayebi is the lead author of one of the studies, co-authored with Rishi Rajalingham, a former MIT postdoc now at Meta Reality Labs, and senior authors Mehrdad Jazayeri, an associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences and a member of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research; and Robert Yang, an assistant professor of brain and cognitive 180. MIT students base their studies on a core of subjects in science, mathematics, and the humanities, arts, and social sciences (the General Institute Requirements [GIRs]). 863 How to Make Almost Anything. Today, this 3 days ago · Welcome to the MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning. The paper, “Dormio: A Targeted Dream Incubation Device,” is co-authored by lead researcher Adam Haar Horowitz and professor of media arts and Qualified students may, with departmental approval, substitute a pre-thesis tutorial ( CMS. 0xx). From the day you apply till you land your dream job, MIT has your back. 21W. 3. Our French and Francophone Studies classes prepare students for a broad range of international engagements, including participation in programs such as MISTI The MIT Educational Studies Program (ESP) hosts events for local middle/high school students and the MIT community. At MIT, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and possibility is our joyful obsession, and we celebrate fundamental discoveries and practical applications alike. Cambridge MA, 02139. MIT Sloan offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs, as well as executive education. From the day they step on campus, our grad students In general, MIT is not an appropriate place to pursue an undergraduate education on an extended, part-time basis. The units for any subject that counts as one of the 17 GIR subjects cannot also be counted as units required beyond the GIRs. ha uc ku lg qb pp ei ac lt wj