The AES accelerator module provides automatic clock activation for MCLK for use with low-power modes. same frequency . High-throughput and resource-optimized implementation of 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES 128-bit), which can be used as an accelerator, is presented in this article. This allows for a total address reach of 4GB (4G words, where 1 word = 16-bits) in data memory and 4MB (4M words) in program memory. The design uses looping method will reduce area and increase the speed . Hence, the AES accelerator can directly access data in the SRAM and share SRAM The AES Division provides engineering, maintenance services, and computing infrastructure in direct support of enabling class performance of the APS world- accelerator and beamline complex, while ensuring a safe environment exists for APS users and personnel. This paper uses an AES accelerator as a case study to demonstrate how to express security requirements of a cryptographic accelerator as informationow policies for security enforcement. ”. The suggested design replaces the LUT-based Nov 1, 2021 · High-level block diagram of an AES crypto-hardware accelerator showing sub-units. Download : Download high-res image (553KB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. We present a side-channel-attack (SCA) resistant Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) accelerator by means of asynchronous-logic (async) based on the Dedicated hardware accelerators have been incorporated to han-dle cryptographic computations efficiently. The data is read by the application and pushed to the Alveo U200 card which performs the encryption. It describes both This simplified block diagram of the AES shows the basic functional and control modules. Please refer to the driver source code and device datasheet for more details. This paper presents the evaluation of the AES algorithm on a general-purpose Map-Scan This is at least 8. This is more than $6000\times$ improvement when compared to the benchmark sync-logic AES accelerator and $1. 2. The AES accelerator supports three operation modes: -Encryption-Decryption-Key derivation for decryption It processes 128-bit data blocks using an encryption key that is either 128 or 256 bits long, based on the selected chaining mode. Oct 11, 2023 · Request PDF | On Oct 11, 2023, Andreea-Cătălina Pietricică and others published Evaluation of AES Cryptographic Algorithm on a General-Purpose Map-Scan Accelerator | Find, read and cite all the Sep 27, 2022 · An AES coprocessor for low-end reconfigurable IoT devices that can be deployed following two different coupling approaches; A user-friendly Application Programming Interface (API) that provides a complete abstraction from the accelerator and can be easily integrated with different IoT OSes or baremetal applications; Nov 26, 2001 · The Advanced Encryption cryptographic algorithm that can be used to symmetric block cipher that can encrypt Encryption converts data to an unintelligible converts the data back into its original form, The AES algorithm is capable of using cryptographic and decrypt data in blocks of 128 bits. We identify the challenges of adapting well-known theoretical AES DFA models to hardware under attack from voltage fault injection and present solutions to those challenges. The AES accelerator has 4 operating modes: • Mode 1: Encryption using the encryption key stored in An AES accelerator ASIC functional block designed using system verilog - eldenchang/AES_Accelerator An implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is presented in this paper. 0 times smaller latency with a slightly larger area. This paper presents a study of the efficiency in applying modern graphics processing units in symmetric key cryptographic solutions. The accelerator architecture exploits tagged-dataflow models to support the concurrent execution of multiple threads on the same Apr 10, 2018 · Download PDF. Feb 22, 2019 · Download PDF Abstract: We present the first practical attack on a hardware AES accelerator with 256 bit embedded keys using DFA. 02% and FPGA-Eff by 22. Consequently, the dedicated accelerators are designed to deliver a high-quality function with minimal costs. Nov 7, 2017 · With the increase in computation and data storage in cloud servers, the need for a dedicated hardware accelerator for encryption is arising in order to reduce the processor job. FPGA/AES/LeNet/VGG16. The accelerator architecture exploits tagged-dataflow models to support the concurrent execution of multiple threads on the same The AES-256 application performs FPGA accelerated AES-256 encryption on the data provided by the user in the form of an input file. This paper introduces a high-performance Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) accelerator that minimizes the area and power overhead. The AES accelerator processes 128-bit data blocks using an encryption key with a length of either 256 bits or 128 bits, with or without a data swapping option. Fig. We present our co-location case study considering AES implemen-tations and other hardware accelerators in Section 6, and provide a time by 28%; through voltage scaling this improves accelerator energy efficiency by 3. 4 MHz. These accelerators are specifically designed to support three essential cryptographic algo-rithms mandated by the security features targeted by the silicon Root of Trust, namely the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Mar 15, 2023 · With the number of devices connected to the Internet of things (IoT) growing at a very rapid pace, design of speed and power efficient crypto systems is very essential. entirely by software. Please send me an email to request access to the code/project! :) - VaradrajSK/AES_Accelerator This simplified block diagram of the AES shows the basic functional and control modules. The support provided by the AES Division includes the following: Jun 1, 2010 · Request PDF | 53Gbps Native GF(2(4))(2) Composite-Field AES-Encrypt/Decrypt Accelerator for Content-Protection in 45nm High-Performance Microprocessors | An on-die, reconfigurable AES encrypt The AES-IP-38 is a family of the cryptographic library elements in the Rambus hardware IP library (formerly of Inside Secure). Energy Efficient AES. Processor accelerator for AES. of Standards and technology (NIST) in 2000 Nov 1, 2018 · This article considers the design of early generation variety trials with a prespecified spatial correlation structure and introduces a new class of partially replicated designs called p-rep Processor accelerator for AES. The results showed that Jul 1, 2020 · Reconfigurable hardware presents a useful platform for building systems with high performance and a secured nature. The accelerators include I/O registers, encryption and decryption cores, and the logic for feedback modes and key tigators of GPU-AES implementation. Especially quantum computers pose serious threats to the currently In this paper, we explore the performance benefits of an AES hardware accelerator versus the software implementation for multiple cipher modes on the Zynq 7000 All-Programmable System-on-a-Chip (SoC). Document for AES hardware accelerator. Instead of being connected to the bus through its own slave wrapper, the proposed AES accelerator is located within the slave wrapper of the static random-access memory (SRAM) and is directly attached to the SRAM. 5\times$ improvement when compared to the state-of-the-art async-logic AES accelerator. When the AES accelerator is busy, it automatically activates MCLK, regardless of the control-bit settings for the clock source. 8 V the SoC with the cryptographic accelerator can be clocked at 84 MHz running AES-XTS at more than 250 Mbits/s consuming a total of 27 mW, which is a 100 × gain in energy and These queues will be connected to the AES accelerator. Mar 2, 2022 · In this study, we propose a lightweight and low-latency advanced encryption standard (AES) accelerator. We present a side-channel-attack (SCA) resistant asynchronous-logic (async-logic) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) accelerator embodying both the 512 KB Flash, 112 KB SRAM, rich analog, math accelerator, AES Datasheet -production data Features • Includes ST state-of-the-art patented technology • Core: Arm ® 32-bit Cortex ®-M4 CPU with FPU, Adaptive real-time accelerator (ART Accelerator) allowing 0-wait-state execution from flash memory, frequency up to 170 MHz May 1, 2011 · Request PDF | 53 Gbps Native GF(2(4))(2) Composite-Field AES-Encrypt/Decrypt Accelerator for Content-Protection in 45 nm High-Performance Microprocessors | Abstract-This paper describes an on-die configurable FPGA accelerator for AES workloads with different key lengths. AES, which stands for Advanced Encryption Standard is the most used symmetric block cipher based on the secured symmetric encryption algorithm. Section IV details the ASIC hardware implementation results, and the paper ends by drawing some conclusions in Section V. Five dierent les are used with dierent sizes during each encryption and speed calculation test on both AMD and NVidia accelerators. The AES hardware accelerator lightens the CPU's workload by performing encryption/decryption operations in the AES core. Download full-text PDF. 5 shows the simulated power breakdown of baseline and proposed designs. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is one of the block cipher encryption. Our async-logic masked AES accelerator adopts a dual-rail data encoding to perform the masked 128-bit AES operations, and to enable dual-hiding to moderate both the amplitude (vertical dimension) and the time The demands of high-level security and performance for resource-constrained SoC represent real challenges. Contribute to zhan6841/FPGA-Accelerator-for-AES-LeNet-VGG16 development by creating an account on GitHub. NVidia’s CUDA language is used to implement both AES and DES algorithms to encrypt documents composed of random bytes in approximately one third and one fourth of time required by traditional CPUs. 63%. It uses a block cipher method that encrypts data in 128-bit blocks and operates on the principle of substitution and permutation. Big-data storage poses significant challenges to anonymization of sensitive information against data Jul 4, 2022 · An on-die lightweight nanoAES hardware accelerator, fabricated in 22 nm tri-gate high-k/metal-gate CMOS, targeted for ultra-low power symmetric-key encryption and decryption on mobile SOCs, resulting in distinct area-optimized encrypt and decrypt polynomials with up to 9% area reduction at iso-performance. 7 Gbps, FPGA-Eff of 13. Memory partitioning is done in order to Jun 4, 2024 · The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is widely recognized as a robust cryptographic algorithm utilized to protect data integrity and confidentiality. View Show abstract May 28, 2022 · This work implements their async-logic masked AES accelerator in FPGA and comprehensively perform the SCA evaluations based on the electromagnetic (EM) emanation, and shows that the accelerator is secured against SCA with 1 million EM emanations. 高级加密标准指令集（或称英特尔高级加密标准新指令，简称AES-NI）是一个x86 指令集架构的扩展，用于Intel和AMD 微处理器，由Intel在2008年3月提出。 [1] 该指令集的目的是改进应用程序使用 高级加密标准 （AES）执行加密和解密的速度。 Apr 9, 2022 · HW implementations of the AES have demonstrated to have better performance than SW ones , to the point that pure SW implementations have become uncommon in performance and power critical environments. CUDA platform is used to present an ecient implementation of 256-bit AES encryption. RC4:It is an encryption stream, which means that each digit or character is encrypted one at a time. Jun 16, 2017 · ALGORITHM. 1 shows the standard implementation of AES encryption using an 8-bit datapath, which was implemented in the same 40nm test chip as a baseline. 45X speedup from the fastest prior work reported. An AES hardware accelerator targeting energy efficient, low cost mobile and IoT applications is fabricated in 40nm CMOS. Additionally in Section 5, we recommend new metrics and standards for reporting and analyzing AES implementations. It obtains the smallest encryption cycles of 113 of 8b-AES by 100% utilization of two Sboxes and rearranging data bytes processing order. In this work, we propose a reconfigurable FPGA accelerator for AES workloads with different key lengths. 38× energy efficiency at iso-frequency. 00429mm. 0V, 27°C is implemented. Expand. This algorithm has the ability to deal with three different key sizes Oct 11, 2023 · Evaluation of the AES algorithm on a general-purpose Map-Scan Accelerator proves well suited to a Map style of parallelism, with each computational cell processing one block of data. This work presents an implementation of a configurable AES-based hardware accelerator whose differentiating aspects are reported herein. 3 Mbps/slice, and frequency of 622. 1 Introduction Nov 5, 2023 · The proposed AES-128 encryption accelerator reaches a throughput equivalent to the corresponding lower bound of 200 cycles/encryption using a single SBox at 100% utilization and achieves the lowest number of registers (32 bytes) for data storage. It also minimizes intermediate data registers (InterReg) to only 40b from 256b by eliminating ShiftRow and MixColumn Sep 1, 2022 · The proposed AES accelerator achieves vertical (amplitude) SCA hiding via an area-efficient dual-rail mapping approach and a zero-value (ZV) compensated substitution-box (S-Box) while enhancing the horizontal (temporal)SCA hiding of async-logic operations via a timing-boundary-free input arrival-time randomizer and a skewed-delay controller. Walls. Mar 30, 2017 · The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), based on the well-known algorithm Rijndael, is designed to be easily implemented in hardware and software platforms. The cipher text, computed by the AES hardware accelerator, in ASCII format is Dec 1, 2019 · A side-channel-attack (SCA) resistant Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) accelerator by means of asynchronous-logic (async) based on the standard library cells is presented and it is shown that the proposed async AES accelerator are unbreakable. An on-die, reconfigurable AES encrypt/decrypt hardware accelerator is fabricated in 45nm CMOS, targeted for content-protection in high-performance Nov 26, 2001 · The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) specifies a FIPS-approved cryptographic algorithm that can be used to protect electronic data. The proposed implementation achieves a throughput of 79. It is designed as a library to get started using the AES accelerator. Approving Authority. As one of the most widely used encryption standards, AES must be implemented taking encryption speed into consideration. The accelerator architecture exploits tagged-dataflow models to support the concurrent execution of multiple threads on the same In this mode, the AES accelerator performs the encryption of a 128-bit plain text using the provided 128-bit key to compute the cipher text. May 27, 2022 · We present a side-channel-attack (SCA) resistant asynchronous-logic (async-logic) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) accelerator embodying both the masking and hiding SCA countermeasures. Our AES prototype on an FPGA shows that the pro- posed protection has a marginal impact on area and performance. Designing a secure cryptographic accelerator is challenging as vulnerabilities may arise from design decisions and implementation flaws. Baby Chellam Manjith AES Hardware Accelerator on FPGA with Improved Throughput and Resource Efficiency . The clock remains active until the AES accelerator completes its operation. Slides An Asynchronous-Logic Masked Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Accelerator and its Side-Channel Attack Evaluations (application/pdf) Nov 1, 2007 · The results of this effort show for the first time the GPU can perform as an efficient cryptographic accelerator and run up to 20 times faster than OpenSSL and in the same range of performance of existing hardware based implementations. Grycel and Robert J. c – AES accelerator driver source file. The AES block is an AHB slave. Unlike typical logic gate S-Box implementations, we use full-custom 256 Jun 1, 2016 · When running at 0. This algorithm achieves efficiency and high throughput. Therefore, an even more compact and energy-efficient AES accelerator is in urgent demand for billions of miniaturized and battery-supplied devices in loT field considering quantum security. At The proposed AES accelerator is located within the slave wrapper of the static random-access memory (SRAM) and is directly attached to the SRAM, resulting in no time for transferring input and output data, no resource usage for storing keys, and no power wastage for repeated key expansion. In contrast to the traditional 128-bit datapath designs, several byte-serial architectures have been proposed obtaining smaller area [2]–[7]. 38 cycles/byte for general-purpose microprocessors, a 1. 0–22. Download Free PDF. edu Academia. In the example below, the plain text “STM32L and STM8L” is encrypted using the key “ultra-low power. To making FPGA acceleration as easy as conventional one by graphics processing units, FPGA vendors are providing high-level synthesis tools, such as Xilinx’s SDAccel, that synthesize a circuit from a program written by languages such as C . Jacob T. For example, the AES-IP-38 is the cipher core embedded in all MACSec protocol aware security engines. Keywords: cryptographic protection, heterogeneous computation, protected transfer, hardware for AES-GCM, TEE, SGX, FPGA, and accelerator. This paper evaluates two of our previously Cryptography is a common task needed in CPSs to guarantee private communication among different devices. 2× more resistance than the synchronous-logic unmasked AES. These implementations are about twice as fast as existing implementations. To provide high security assurance, we propose to design and build May 25, 2023 · Based on our evaluations, we show that our proposed async-logic AES accelerator is highly secure against SCA with 30 million EM traces. iosrjournals. The AES accelerator has 4 operating modes: • Mode 1: Encryption using the encryption key stored in Search ACM Digital Library. Arab J Sci Eng 44, 2861 (2019). A multithread AES accelerator for Cyber-Physical Systems (PDF) A multithread AES accelerator for Cyber-Physical Systems | Francesco Ratto - Academia. The C28x uses 32-bit data addresses and 22-bit program addresses. Atomic key writing and key-loading from SAES peripheral are new features offered by the STM32U5. In this study, we propose a lightweight and low-latency advanced encryption standard (AES) accelerator Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is growing as a new platform for accelerating heavy computational tasks such as machine learning and cryptography. Graphics processing units (GPUs) are powerful computational devices tailored towards the needs of the 3D gaming industry for high-performance, real-time graphics engines. Although the attacks presented are catered towards AES-128, the theory may also apply to other implementations too (AES-192 and An AES hardware accelerator targeting energy efficient, low cost mobile and IoT applications is fabricated in 40nm CMOS and replaces flip-flops in data and key storage with latches using re-timing, saving 25% area and 69% power. 2, marking the smallest AES accelerator considering technology scaling. has suggested a Nano-AES accelerator using VHDL coding for both FPGA and ASIC Sep 1, 2022 · The proposed AES accelerator achieves vertical (amplitude) SCA hiding via an area-efficient dual-rail mapping approach and a zero-value (ZV) compensated substitution-box (S-Box), while enhancing Jul 9, 2021 · AES, authenticated encryption, backward compatibility, beyond-birthday-bound security, lightweight, AES accelerator, AES coprocessor Abstract In this paper, a new lightweight authenticated encryption scheme AESLBBB is proposed, which was designed to provide backward compatibility with advanced encryption standard (AES) as well as high security Jun 23, 2021 · Hardware encryption acceleration is a very important feature in NAS servers and in our PCs, thanks to this feature the encryption and decryption process with the AES symmetric encryption algorithm is carried out through instructions in the processor, allowing greater performance than if you did it directly at the software operating system level Review on Image Encryption/Decryption using AES Algorithm for Hardware Accelerator design and Implementation DOI: 10. Compared to the state-of-the-art work, the proposed design has improved data throughput by 8. 2GHz and consumes 523mW at 1. After the encryption, the user will get an output file with the encrypted data in it. The accelerator is implemented on the FPGA fabric of the SoC and utilizes DMA for interfacing to the CPU. 3× more resistance than synchronous-logic masked AES and 199. This solution demonstrates to be more resource- and energy-efficient than a set of non-reconfigurable ac- Cryptography is a common task needed in CPSs to guarantee private communication among different devices. Jun 1, 2021 · The proposed AES accelerator achieves vertical (amplitude) SCA hiding via an area-efficient dual-rail mapping approach and a zero-value (ZV) compensated substitution-box (S-Box) while enhancing the horizontal (temporal)SCA hiding of async-logic operations via a timing-boundary-free input arrival-time randomizer and a skewed-delay controller. One of the major issues faced by the AES accelerator is the security of the key stored inside the FPGA memory. By using encrypted round for speed and pipelining ,isomorphic mapping method for area. Note that this AES driver is not intended for use with high-performance code. Top-level implementation floor-plan of the proposed AES crypto-hardware accelerator showing the architectural and logic flow along-with some logic-level details. Nov 7, 2017 · Request PDF | AES Hardware Accelerator on FPGA with Improved Throughput and Resource Efficiency | With the increase in computation and data storage in cloud servers, the need for a dedicated Nov 30, 2015 · A fully-unrolled, pipelined AES-128 encryption accelerator using ROM-based S-Boxes in 65nm bulk CMOS which operates at 2. This paper explores the design of a high-speed and low-power advanced encryption standard (AES) architecture to be used as a hardware accelerator in various cryptographic systems. Dec 17, 2023 · Request PDF | On Dec 17, 2023, Enas Abulibdeh and others published Computational-Based Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Accelerator | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Jun 1, 2019 · Request PDF | On Jun 1, 2019, Weiwei Shan and others published A 923 Gbps/W, 113-Cycle, 2-Sbox Energy-efficient AES Accelerator in 28nm CMOS | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Nov 16, 2020 · Request full-text PDF. Jan 1, 2009 · In this paper, we explore the performance benefits of an AES hardware accelerator versus the software implementation for multiple cipher modes on the Zynq 7000 All-Programmable System-on-a-Chip (SoC). The implementation of the SubBytes (or S-Box) step of the AES algorithm significantly contributes to the area, delay, and power of AES accelerators. Advanced Search Jun 7, 2016 · A block-level in-memory architecture for advanced encryption standard (AES) is proposed, called DW-AES, which maps all AES operations directly to the domain-wall nanowires and can reduce the leakage power and area by the orders of magnitude compared with existing CMOS ASIC accelerators. 116. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors. An enhanced parallel table lookup instruction is proposed that can achieve the fastest reported software AES encryption and decryption of 1. Oct 20, 2017 · This paper describes highly-optimized AES- \ (\ {128,192,256\}\) -CTR assembly implementations for the popular ARM Cortex-M3 and M4 embedded microprocessors. General purpose computing on graphics processing unit (GPGPU) is an alternative to reconfigurable accelerators based on FPGA devices. Encryption converts data to an unintelligible form called ciphertext; decrypting the ciphertext Sep 19, 2016 · Numerous resources including [Citation 9] already provided a full description of the AES algorithm; therefore, focus is only given on the aspects of AES which are relevant for the attacks demonstrated in this article. Either the CPU passes the data, key and initialization vector to the AES block by writing to memory-mapped registers and gets the result Jun 16, 2010 · An on-die, reconfigurable AES encrypt/decrypt hardware accelerator is fabricated in 45nm CMOS, targeted for content-protection in high-performance microprocessors, resulting in 20% area savings and 67% reduction in worst-case interconnect length. May 6, 2021 · The proposed AES accelerator achieves vertical (amplitude) SCA hiding via an area-efficient dual-rail mapping approach and a zero-value (ZV) compensated substitution-box (S-Box), while enhancing AES is implemented in counter mode on Xilinx Virtex-5 using VHDL. https The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), based on the well-known algorithm Rijndael, is designed to be easily implemented in hardware and software platforms. 1 Files The source code package consists of three files: • AES_driver. An energy-efficient AES hardware accelerator based on 2-Sbox 8-bit datapath is fabricated in 28nm CMOS for IoT and mobile SoC applications. org 10 | Page 7. DRAB-LOCUS makes the most efficient use of the available resources to support the most function- ality and produce the highest throughput among the AES designs that support co-location. A new method for protecting 128-bit AES accelerator on FPGA for embedded systems and cloud servers is proposed. In addition, the software running on the processor must be modified to remove the AES algorithm code and replace it with code that reads and writes data to and from the newly added queue ports. Measurements & Conclusion The proposed AES accelerator was implemented in 40nm CMOS along with a separate baseline implementation. edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Additionally, we provide the fastest bitsliced constant-time and masked implementations of AES-128-CTR to protect Memory Map #. The C28x CPU core contains no memory, but can access on-chip and off-chip memory. 40nm CMOS, the accelerator area is only 0. algorithm that was published by National Institute. CCS CONCEPTS. The proposed design eliminates the ShiftRow May 28, 2022 · Request PDF | On May 28, 2022, Jingjing Lan and others published A 1800μm 2 , 953Gbps/W AES Accelerator for IoT Applications in 40nm CMOS | Find, read and cite all the research you need on May 1, 2019 · Furthermore, compared with other AES accelerators with 8-bit data path, the proposed AES accelerator has a 3. 4. Search Search. This will pass data to the external accelerator and read the results back to the processor. Ruby Lee. Then, the outputs of both CPU and GPU were compared. Jun 2, 2019 · This paper uses an AES accelerator as a case study to demonstrate how to express security requirements of a cryptographic accelerator as information flow policies for security enforcement. When it comes to lightweight implementations of the algorithm, the literature mainly emphasizes area and power optimization, often overlooking considerations related to performance and security. The AES algorithm is a symmetric block cipher that can encrypt (encipher) and decrypt (decipher) information. Security is becoming even more critical for the digital society such as loT. Although the software implementations based on 4 lookup tables and the AES accelerator on the radio chips can reduce the tion running inside a SGX enclave and a FPGA accelerator optimized for band-width and latency and details the implementation of AES-GCM hardware en-gines with high bandwidth and low latency. 9790/4200-10040819 www. Cryptography is a common task needed in CPSs to guarantee private communication among different devices. Section II describes the AES algorithm followed by a description of the proposed new AES hardware accelerator architecture in Section III. Oct 28, 2013 · PDF | On Oct 28, 2013, Ali Ansarmohammadi and others published A Low-cost Implementation of AES Accelerator using HW/SW Co-Design Technique | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Jul 14, 2010 · Download full-text PDF Read full-text. mance and efficiency compared to other recent AES architectures in Section 5. Summary: Area-efficiency is important for allowing co-location of accelerators on the same FPGA. Theaccelerator architectureexploits tagged-dataflow models to support the concurrent execution of multiple threads on the same accelerator. As the processing power This paper uses an AES accelerator as a case study to demonstrate how to express security requirements of a cryptographic accelerator as information ow policies for security enforcement. 2010, 2010 IEEE 8th Symposium on Application Specific Processors (SASP) Nov 1, 2021 · The paper is organized as follows.
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